Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. Laboratory

Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. Laboratory

rok wydania: 2022, wydanie pierwsze
ISBN: 978-83-8156-340-6
ilość stron: 108
format: B5
oprawa: miękka

Opis

This script was created as an auxiliary material for chemistry laboratory classes conducted at Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering. The intent was to gather and present in the form of a prescript basic information on the principles of preparing and conducting chemical experiments. Script contains descriptions of elementary methods, apparatus and measurement. The script is designed for Environmental Engineering students, as didactic material for @Chemistry laboratory course.

Spis treści

Preface / 7

Part 1. CHEMISTRY / 9
1.1. Safety rules / 9
1.2. Basics / 10
1.2.1. Standard solution / 10
1.2.2. Concentrations / 11
1.2.3. Molar concentration / 11
1.2.4. Normal concentration / 12
1.2.5. Percent concentration / 13
1.2.6. Density / 14
1.3. Alkacymetry / 14
1.4. Argentometry / 17
1.5. Complexometry / 20
1.6. Manganometry / 23
1.7. Iodometry / 25
1.8. Colorimetry / 28
1.8.1. Colorimetric phosphate(V) determination / 31
1.8.2. Colorimetric colloidal silica titration / 32
1.9. Spectrometry / 32
1.10. Ion exchange / 33
1.11. Adsorption / 38
1.12. Example of Report / 43

Part 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY / 46
2.1. Water analysis / 46
2.1.1. pH / 46
2.1.2. Conductivity / 47
2.1.3. Smell (odour) / 47
2.1.4. Colour / 48
2.1.5. Turbidity / 49
2.1.6. Manganese / 49
2.1.7. Iron / 51
2.1.8. Alkalinity / 51
2.1.9. Total hardness / 52
2.1.10. Carbon dioxide: free and aggressive / 53
2.1.11. Determination of oxygen / 56
2.1.12. Permanganate index 57
2.1.13. Chlorides Cl – / 59
2.1.14. Sulfates SO2−4/ 59
2.1.15. Nitrates NO⁻
₃ / 60
2.1.16. Nitrites NO⁻
₂ / 61
2.1.17. Ammonium NH⁺
₄ / 62
2.1.18. Phosphates and total phosphorous / 63
2.2. Wastewater analysis / 65
2.2.1. Total suspended solids / 65
2.2.2. Dry residue / 65
2.2.3. Chemical oxidation demand / 66
2.2.4. Total nitrogen / 68
2.2.5. Biological Oxidation Demand 69
2.2.6. Phenol index / 70
2.2.7. Determination of surfactants / 71

Part 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY II / 73
3.1. Organic pollutants determination in soil using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) / 73
3.1.1. Solid sample extraction with Soxhlet apparatus / 76
3.1.2. Liquid sample extraction 78
3.2. Determination of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) / 79
3.2.1. Total heavy metal content determination in bottom sediments / 83
3.2.2. EDTA speciation of heavy metals in bottom sediments (bio-available and not vailable fraction) / 83
3.2.3. Tessier’s speciation of heavy metals in bottom sediments / 84
3.3. Industrial wastewater treatment with Coagulation/Sedimentation (C/S) and Coagulation/Dissolved Air Flotation (C/DAF) processes / 85
3.3.1. Coagulation/Sedimentation (C/S) / 88
3.3.2. Coagulation/Dissolved Air Flotation (C/DAF) 89
3.4. Industrial wastewater treatment with Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs) / 90
3.4.1. Phenol removal from industrial wastewater / 92
3.5. Photochemical Fe (III) reduction / 93
3.5.1. Trivalent Iron photochemical reduction / 95
3.6. Self-purification of water / 97
3.6.1. Preparation of sample for natural water self-purification ability determination / 98
3.7. Carbonate balance disruption – softening water / 102
3.7.1. Thermal method for softening water 103
3.8. Fluorides determination / 104
3.8.1. Fluorides determination with ion selective electrode / 105
Bibliography / 106